?ppsvx

Developer Reference for Intel® oneAPI Math Kernel Library for Fortran

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ID 766686

Date 6/24/2024

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?ppsvx

Uses the Cholesky factorization to compute the solution to the system of linear equations with a symmetric (Hermitian) positive definite packed coefficient matrix A, and provides error bounds on the solution.

Syntax

call sppsvx( fact, uplo, n, nrhs, ap, afp, equed, s, b, ldb, x, ldx, rcond, ferr, berr, work, iwork, info )

call dppsvx( fact, uplo, n, nrhs, ap, afp, equed, s, b, ldb, x, ldx, rcond, ferr, berr, work, iwork, info )

call cppsvx( fact, uplo, n, nrhs, ap, afp, equed, s, b, ldb, x, ldx, rcond, ferr, berr, work, rwork, info )

call zppsvx( fact, uplo, n, nrhs, ap, afp, equed, s, b, ldb, x, ldx, rcond, ferr, berr, work, rwork, info )

call ppsvx( ap, b, x [,uplo] [,af] [,fact] [,equed] [,s] [,ferr] [,berr] [,rcond] [,info] )

Include Files

mkl.fi, lapack.f90

Description

The routine uses the Cholesky factorization A=U^T*U (real flavors) / A=U^H*U (complex flavors) or A=L*L^T (real flavors) / A=L*L^H (complex flavors) to compute the solution to a real or complex system of linear equations A*X = B, where A is a n-by-n symmetric or Hermitian positive-definite matrix stored in packed format, the columns of matrix B are individual right-hand sides, and the columns of X are the corresponding solutions.

Error bounds on the solution and a condition estimate are also provided.

The routine ?ppsvx performs the following steps:

If fact = 'E', real scaling factors s are computed to equilibrate the system:
```
diag(s)*A*diag(s)*inv(diag(s))*X = diag(s)*B.
```
Whether or not the system will be equilibrated depends on the scaling of the matrix A, but if equilibration is used, A is overwritten by diag(s)*A*diag(s) and B by diag(s)*B.
If fact = 'N' or 'E', the Cholesky decomposition is used to factor the matrix A (after equilibration if fact = 'E') as

A = U^T*U (real), A = U^H*U (complex), if uplo = 'U',

or A = L*L^T (real), A = L*L^H (complex), if uplo = 'L',

where U is an upper triangular matrix and L is a lower triangular matrix.
If the leading i-by-i principal minor is not positive-definite, then the routine returns with info = i. Otherwise, the factored form of A is used to estimate the condition number of the matrix A. If the reciprocal of the condition number is less than machine precision, info = n+1 is returned as a warning, but the routine still goes on to solve for X and compute error bounds as described below.
The system of equations is solved for X using the factored form of A.
Iterative refinement is applied to improve the computed solution matrix and calculate error bounds and backward error estimates for it.
If equilibration was used, the matrix X is premultiplied by diag(s) so that it solves the original system before equilibration.

Input Parameters

fact	CHARACTER*1. Must be 'F', 'N', or 'E'. Specifies whether or not the factored form of the matrix `A` is supplied on entry, and if not, whether the matrix `A` should be equilibrated before it is factored. If `fact = 'F'`: on entry, `afp` contains the factored form of `A`. If `equed = 'Y'`, the matrix `A` has been equilibrated with scaling factors given by `s`. `ap` and `afp` will not be modified. If `fact = 'N'`, the matrix `A` will be copied to `afp` and factored. If `fact = 'E'`, the matrix `A` will be equilibrated if necessary, then copied to `afp` and factored.
uplo	CHARACTER*1. Must be 'U' or 'L'. Indicates whether the upper or lower triangular part of `A` is stored: If `uplo = 'U'`, the upper triangle of `A` is stored. If `uplo = 'L'`, the lower triangle of `A` is stored.
n	INTEGER. The order of matrix `A`; `n`≥ 0.
nrhs	INTEGER. The number of right-hand sides; the number of columns in `B; nrhs≥ 0`.
ap, afp, b, work	REAL for sppsvx DOUBLE PRECISION for dppsvx COMPLEX for cppsvx DOUBLE COMPLEX for zppsvx. Arrays: (size ), `afp`(size ), `b`(size `ldb` by ), `work()`. The array `ap` contains the upper or lower triangle of the original symmetric/Hermitian matrix `A` in packed storage (see Matrix Storage Schemes). In case when `fact = 'F'` and `equed = 'Y'`, `ap` must contain the equilibrated matrix `diag(s)Adiag(s)`. The array `afp` is an input argument if `fact = 'F'` and contains the triangular factor `U` or `L` from the Cholesky factorization of `A` in the same storage format as `A`. If `equed` is not 'N', then `afp` is the factored form of the equilibrated matrix `A`. The array `b` contains the matrix `B` whose columns are the right-hand sides for the systems of equations. `work()` is a workspace array. The dimension of arrays `ap` and `afp` must be at least `max(1, n(n+1)/2)`; the second dimension of `b` must be at least `max(1,nrhs)`; the dimension of `work` must be at least `max(1, 3n)` for real flavors and `max(1, 2*n)` for complex flavors.
ldb	INTEGER. The leading dimension of `b`; `ldb≥ max(1, n)`.
equed	CHARACTER1. Must be 'N' or 'Y'. `equed` is an input argument if `fact = 'F'`. It specifies the form of equilibration that was done: if `equed = 'N'`, no equilibration was done (always true if `fact = 'N'`); if `equed = 'Y'`, equilibration was done, that is, `A` has been replaced by `diag(s)Adiag(s)`.
s	REAL for single precision flavors DOUBLE PRECISION for double precision flavors. Array, size (`n`). The array `s` contains the scale factors for `A`. This array is an input argument if `fact = 'F'` only; otherwise it is an output argument. If `equed = 'N'`, `s` is not accessed. If `fact = 'F'` and `equed` = 'Y', each element of `s` must be positive.
ldx	INTEGER. The leading dimension of the output array `x`; `ldx≥ max(1, n)`.
iwork	INTEGER. Workspace array, size at least `max(1, n)`; used in real flavors only.
rwork	REAL for cppsvx; DOUBLE PRECISION for zppsvx. Workspace array, size at least `max(1, n)`; used in complex flavors only.

Output Parameters

x	REAL for sppsvx DOUBLE PRECISION for dppsvx COMPLEX for cppsvx DOUBLE COMPLEX for zppsvx. Array, size `ldx` by . If `info = 0` or `info = n+1`, the array `x` contains the solution matrix `X` to the original* system of equations. Note that if `equed = 'Y'`, `A` and `B` are modified on exit, and the solution to the equilibrated system is `inv(diag(s))*X`. The second dimension of `x` must be at least `max(1,nrhs)`.
ap	Array `ap` is not modified on exit if `fact = 'F'` or 'N', or if `fact = 'E'`and `equed` = 'N'. If `fact = 'E'` and `equed` = 'Y', ap is overwritten by `diag(s)Adiag(s).`
afp	If `fact = 'N'`or 'E', then `afp` is an output argument and on exit returns the triangular factor `U` or `L` from the Cholesky factorization `A=U^TU` or `A=LL^T` (real routines), `A=U^HU` or `A=LL^H` (complex routines) of the original matrix `A` (if `fact = 'N'`), or of the equilibrated matrix `A` (if `fact = 'E'`). See the description of `ap` for the form of the equilibrated matrix.
b	Overwritten by `diag(s)*B`, if `equed = 'Y'`; not changed if `equed` = 'N'.
s	This array is an output argument if `fact≠'F'`. See the description of `s` in Input Arguments section.
rcond	REAL for single precision flavors DOUBLE PRECISION for double precision flavors. An estimate of the reciprocal condition number of the matrix `A` after equilibration (if done). If `rcond` is less than the machine precision (in particular, if `rcond` = 0), the matrix is singular to working precision. This condition is indicated by a return code of `info` > 0.
ferr	REAL for single precision flavors DOUBLE PRECISION for double precision flavors. Array, size at least `max(1, nrhs)`. Contains the estimated forward error bound for each solution vector `x(j)` (the `j`-th column of the solution matrix `X`). If `xtrue` is the true solution corresponding to `x(j)` , `ferr(j)` is an estimated upper bound for the magnitude of the largest element in `(x(j) - xtrue)` divided by the magnitude of the largest element in `x(j)` . The estimate is as reliable as the estimate for rcond, and is almost always a slight overestimate of the true error.
berr	REAL for single precision flavors DOUBLE PRECISION for double precision flavors. Array, size at least `max(1, nrhs)`. Contains the component-wise relative backward error for each solution vector `x(j)` , that is, the smallest relative change in any element of `A` or `B` that makes `x(j)` an exact solution.
equed	If `fact≠'F'`, then `equed` is an output argument. It specifies the form of equilibration that was done (see the description of `equed` in Input Arguments section).
info	INTEGER. If `info=0`, the execution is successful. If `info = -i`, the `i`-th parameter had an illegal value. If `info = i`, and `i≤n`, the leading minor of order `i` (and therefore the matrix `A` itself) is not positive-definite, so the factorization could not be completed, and the solution and error bounds could not be computed; `rcond` = 0 is returned. If `info = i`, and `i` = `n` + 1, then `U` is nonsingular, but `rcond` is less than machine precision, meaning that the matrix is singular to working precision. Nevertheless, the solution and error bounds are computed because there are a number of situations where the computed solution can be more accurate than the value of `rcond` would suggest.

LAPACK 95 Interface Notes

Routines in Fortran 95 interface have fewer arguments in the calling sequence than their FORTRAN 77 counterparts. For general conventions applied to skip redundant or reconstructible arguments, see LAPACK 95 Interface Conventions.

Specific details for the routine ppsvx interface are as follows:

ap	Holds the array `A` of size (`n*(n+1)/2`).
b	Holds the matrix `B` of size (`n,nrhs`).
x	Holds the matrix `X` of size (`n,nrhs`).
afp	Holds the matrix `AF` of size (`n*(n+1)/2`).
s	Holds the vector of length `n`. Default value for each element is `s(i) = 1.0_WP`.
ferr	Holds the vector of length (`nrhs`).
berr	Holds the vector of length (`nrhs`).
uplo	Must be 'U' or 'L'. The default value is 'U'.
fact	Must be 'N', 'E', or 'F'. The default value is 'N'. If `fact = 'F'`, then `af` must be present; otherwise, an error is returned.
equed	Must be 'N' or 'Y'. The default value is 'N'.

Parent topic: LAPACK Linear Equation Driver Routines

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Developer Reference for Intel® oneAPI Math Kernel Library for Fortran

?ppsvx

Syntax

Include Files

Description

Input Parameters

Output Parameters

LAPACK 95 Interface Notes

See Also