?gges

Developer Reference for Intel® oneAPI Math Kernel Library for Fortran

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Date 10/31/2024

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?gges

Computes the generalized eigenvalues, Schur form, and the left and/or right Schur vectors for a pair of nonsymmetric matrices.

Syntax

call sgges(jobvsl, jobvsr, sort, selctg, n, a, lda, b, ldb, sdim, alphar, alphai, beta, vsl, ldvsl, vsr, ldvsr, work, lwork, bwork, info)

call dgges(jobvsl, jobvsr, sort, selctg, n, a, lda, b, ldb, sdim, alphar, alphai, beta, vsl, ldvsl, vsr, ldvsr, work, lwork, bwork, info)

call cgges(jobvsl, jobvsr, sort, selctg, n, a, lda, b, ldb, sdim, alpha, beta, vsl, ldvsl, vsr, ldvsr, work, lwork, rwork, bwork, info)

call zgges(jobvsl, jobvsr, sort, selctg, n, a, lda, b, ldb, sdim, alpha, beta, vsl, ldvsl, vsr, ldvsr, work, lwork, rwork, bwork, info)

call gges(a, b, alphar, alphai, beta [,vsl] [,vsr] [,select] [,sdim] [,info])

call gges(a, b, alpha, beta [, vsl] [,vsr] [,select] [,sdim] [,info])

Include Files

mkl.fi, mkl_lapack.f90

Description

The ?gges routine computes the generalized eigenvalues, the generalized real/complex Schur form (S,T), optionally, the left and/or right matrices of Schur vectors (vsl and vsr) for a pair of n-by-n real/complex nonsymmetric matrices (A,B). This gives the generalized Schur factorization

(A,B) = ( vsl*S *vsr^H, vsl*T*vsr^H )

Optionally, it also orders the eigenvalues so that a selected cluster of eigenvalues appears in the leading diagonal blocks of the upper quasi-triangular matrix S and the upper triangular matrix T. The leading columns of vsl and vsr then form an orthonormal/unitary basis for the corresponding left and right eigenspaces (deflating subspaces).

If only the generalized eigenvalues are needed, use the driver ggev instead, which is faster.

A generalized eigenvalue for a pair of matrices (A,B) is a scalar w or a ratio alpha / beta = w, such that A - w*B is singular. It is usually represented as the pair (alpha, beta), as there is a reasonable interpretation for beta=0 or for both being zero. A pair of matrices (S,T) is in the generalized real Schur form if T is upper triangular with non-negative diagonal and S is block upper triangular with 1-by-1 and 2-by-2 blocks. 1-by-1 blocks correspond to real generalized eigenvalues, while 2-by-2 blocks of S are "standardized" by making the corresponding elements of T have the form:

and the pair of corresponding 2-by-2 blocks in S and T will have a complex conjugate pair of generalized eigenvalues. A pair of matrices (S,T) is in generalized complex Schur form if S and T are upper triangular and, in addition, the diagonal of T are non-negative real numbers.

The ?gges routine replaces the deprecated ?gegs routine.

Input Parameters

jobvsl

CHARACTER*1. Must be 'N' or 'V'.

If jobvsl = 'N', then the left Schur vectors are not computed.

If jobvsl = 'V', then the left Schur vectors are computed.

jobvsr

CHARACTER*1. Must be 'N' or 'V'.

If jobvsr = 'N', then the right Schur vectors are not computed.

If jobvsr = 'V', then the right Schur vectors are computed.

sort

CHARACTER*1. Must be 'N' or 'S'. Specifies whether or not to order the eigenvalues on the diagonal of the generalized Schur form.

If sort = 'N', then eigenvalues are not ordered.

If sort = 'S', eigenvalues are ordered (see selctg).

selctg

LOGICAL FUNCTION of three REAL arguments for real flavors.

LOGICAL FUNCTION of two COMPLEX arguments for complex flavors.

selctg must be declared EXTERNAL in the calling subroutine.

If sort = 'S', selctg is used to select eigenvalues to sort to the top left of the Schur form.

If sort = 'N', selctg is not referenced.

For real flavors:

An eigenvalue (alphar(j) + alphai(j))/beta(j) is selected if selctg(alphar(j), alphai(j), beta(j)) is true; that is, if either one of a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues is selected, then both complex eigenvalues are selected.

Note that in the ill-conditioned case, a selected complex eigenvalue may no longer satisfy selctg(alphar(j), alphai(j), beta(j)) = .TRUE. after ordering. In this case info is set to n+2 .

For complex flavors:

An eigenvalue alpha(j) / beta(j) is selected if selctg(alpha(j), beta(j)) is true.

Note that a selected complex eigenvalue may no longer satisfy selctg(alpha(j), beta(j)) = .TRUE. after ordering, since ordering may change the value of complex eigenvalues (especially if the eigenvalue is ill-conditioned); in this case info is set to n+2 (see info below).

n

INTEGER. The order of the matrices A, B, vsl, and vsr (n≥ 0).

a, b, work

REAL for sgges

DOUBLE PRECISION for dgges

COMPLEX for cgges

DOUBLE COMPLEX for zgges.

Arrays:

a(lda,*) is an array containing the n-by-n matrix A (first of the pair of matrices).

The second dimension of a must be at least max(1, n).

b(ldb,*) is an array containing the n-by-n matrix B (second of the pair of matrices).

The second dimension of b must be at least max(1, n).

work is a workspace array, its dimension max(1, lwork).

lda

INTEGER. The leading dimension of the array a. Must be at least max(1, n).

ldb

INTEGER. The leading dimension of the array b. Must be at least max(1, n).

ldvsl, ldvsr

INTEGER. The leading dimensions of the output matrices vsl and vsr, respectively. Constraints:

ldvsl≥ 1. If jobvsl = 'V', ldvsl≥ max(1, n).

ldvsr≥ 1. If jobvsr = 'V', ldvsr≥ max(1, n).

lwork

INTEGER.

The dimension of the array work.

lwork≥ max(1, 8n+16) for real flavors;

lwork≥ max(1, 2n) for complex flavors.

For good performance, lwork must generally be larger.

If lwork = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the work array, returns this value as the first entry of the work array, and no error message related to lwork is issued by xerbla.

rwork

REAL for cgges

DOUBLE PRECISION for zgges

Workspace array, size at least max(1, 8n).

This array is used in complex flavors only.

bwork

LOGICAL.

Workspace array, size at least max(1, n).

Not referenced if sort = 'N'.

Output Parameters

a

On exit, this array has been overwritten by its generalized Schur form S.

b

On exit, this array has been overwritten by its generalized Schur form T.

sdim

INTEGER.

If sort = 'N', sdim= 0.

If sort = 'S', sdim is equal to the number of eigenvalues (after sorting) for which selctg is true.

Note that for real flavors complex conjugate pairs for which selctg is true for either eigenvalue count as 2.

alphar, alphai

REAL for sgges;

DOUBLE PRECISION for dgges.

Arrays, size at least max(1, n) each. Contain values that form generalized eigenvalues in real flavors.

See beta.

alpha

COMPLEX for cgges;

DOUBLE COMPLEX for zgges.

Array, size at least max(1, n). Contain values that form generalized eigenvalues in complex flavors. See beta.

beta

REAL for sgges

DOUBLE PRECISION for dgges

COMPLEX for cgges

DOUBLE COMPLEX for zgges.

Array, size at least max(1, n).

For real flavors:

On exit, (alphar(j) + alphai(j)*i)/beta(j), j=1,..., n, will be the generalized eigenvalues.

alphar(j) + alphai(j)*i and beta(j), j=1,..., n are the diagonals of the complex Schur form (S,T) that would result if the 2-by-2 diagonal blocks of the real generalized Schur form of (A,B) were further reduced to triangular form using complex unitary transformations. If alphai(j) is zero, then the j-th eigenvalue is real; if positive, then the j-th and (j+1)-st eigenvalues are a complex conjugate pair, with alphai(j+1) negative.

For complex flavors:

On exit, alpha(j)/beta(j), j=1,..., n, will be the generalized eigenvalues. alphaalpha(j) and beta(j), j=1,..., n are the diagonals of the complex Schur form (S,T) output by cgges/zgges. The beta(j) will be non-negative real.

LAPACK 95 Interface Notes

Routines in Fortran 95 interface have fewer arguments in the calling sequence than their FORTRAN 77 counterparts. For general conventions applied to skip redundant or restorable arguments, see LAPACK 95 Interface Conventions.

Specific details for the routine gges interface are the following:

a

Holds the matrix A of size (n, n).

b

Holds the matrix B of size (n, n).

alphar

Holds the vector of length n. Used in real flavors only.

alphai

Holds the vector of length n. Used in real flavors only.

alpha

Holds the vector of length n. Used in complex flavors only.

beta

Holds the vector of length n.

vsl

Holds the matrix VSL of size (n, n).

vsr

Holds the matrix VSR of size (n, n).

jobvsl

Restored based on the presence of the argument vsl as follows:

jobvsl = 'V', if vsl is present,

jobvsl = 'N', if vsl is omitted.

jobvsr

Restored based on the presence of the argument vsr as follows:

jobvsr = 'V', if vsr is present,

jobvsr = 'N', if vsr is omitted.

sort

Restored based on the presence of the argument select as follows:

sort = 'S', if select is present,

sort = 'N', if select is omitted.

Application Notes

If you are in doubt how much workspace to supply, use a generous value of lwork for the first run or set lwork = -1.

If you choose the first option and set any of admissible lwork sizes, which is no less than the minimal value described, the routine completes the task, though probably not so fast as with a recommended workspace, and provides the recommended workspace in the first element of the corresponding array work on exit. Use this value (work(1)) for subsequent runs.

If you set lwork = -1, the routine returns immediately and provides the recommended workspace in the first element of the corresponding array (work). This operation is called a workspace query.

Note that if you set lwork to less than the minimal required value and not -1, the routine returns immediately with an error exit and does not provide any information on the recommended workspace.

The quotients alphar(j)/beta(j) and alphai(j)/beta(j) may easily over- or underflow, and beta(j) may even be zero. Thus, you should avoid simply computing the ratio. However, alphar and alphai will be always less than and usually comparable with norm(A) in magnitude, and beta always less than and usually comparable with norm(B).

Parent topic: Generalized Nonsymmetric Eigenvalue Problems: LAPACK Driver Routines

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Developer Reference for Intel® oneAPI Math Kernel Library for Fortran

?gges

Syntax

Include Files

Description

Input Parameters

Output Parameters

LAPACK 95 Interface Notes

Application Notes