Intel® Quartus® Prime Pro Edition User Guide: Design Recommendations

ID 683082
Date 3/28/2022
Public

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1.6.4.2.1. Verilog-2001 State Machine Coding Example

The following module verilog_fsm is an example of a typical Verilog HDL state machine implementation. This state machine has five states.

The asynchronous reset sets the variable state to state_0. The sum of in_1 and in_2 is an output of the state machine in state_1 and state_2. The difference (in_1 – in_2) is also used in state_1 and state_2. The temporary variables tmp_out_0 and tmp_out_1 store the sum and the difference of in_1 and in_2. Using these temporary variables in the various states of the state machine ensures proper resource sharing between the mutually exclusive states.

Verilog-2001 State Machine

module verilog_fsm (clk, reset, in_1, in_2, out);
	input clk, reset;
	input [3:0] in_1, in_2;
	output [4:0] out;
	parameter state_0 = 3'b000;
	parameter state_1 = 3'b001;
	parameter state_2 = 3'b010;
	parameter state_3 = 3'b011;
	parameter state_4 = 3'b100;

	reg [4:0] tmp_out_0, tmp_out_1, tmp_out_2;
	reg [2:0] state, next_state;

	always @ (posedge clk or posedge reset)
	begin
		if (reset)
			state <= state_0;
		else
			state <= next_state;
	end
	always @ (*)
	begin
		tmp_out_0 = in_1 + in_2;
		tmp_out_1 = in_1 - in_2;
		case (state)
			state_0: begin
			   tmp_out_2 = in_1 + 5'b00001;
			   next_state = state_1;
			end
			state_1: begin
				if (in_1 < in_2) begin
					next_state = state_2;
					tmp_out_2 = tmp_out_0;
				end
				else begin
					next_state = state_3;
					tmp_out_2 = tmp_out_1;
				end
			end	
			state_2: begin
				tmp_out_2 = tmp_out_0 - 5'b00001;
				next_state = state_3;
			end
			state_3: begin
				tmp_out_2 = tmp_out_1 + 5'b00001;
				next_state = state_0;
			end
			state_4:begin
				tmp_out_2 = in_2 + 5'b00001;
				next_state = state_0;
			end
			default:begin
				tmp_out_2 = 5'b00000;
				next_state = state_0;
			end
		endcase
	end
	assign out = tmp_out_2;
endmodule
You can achieve an equivalent implementation of this state machine by using ‘define instead of the parameter data type, as follows:
‘define state_0 3'b000
‘define state_1 3'b001
‘define state_2 3'b010
‘define state_3 3'b011
‘define state_4 3'b100
In this case, you assign `state_x instead of state_x to state and next_state, for example:
next_state <= ‘state_3;		
Note: Although Intel supports the ‘define construct, use the parameter data type, because it preserves the state names throughout synthesis.