Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture High-Performance Design Handbook

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Date 10/04/2021
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Document Table of Contents
Document Table of Contents x
1. Intel® Hyperflex™ FPGA Architecture Introduction 2. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture RTL Design Guidelines 3. Compiling Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture Designs 4. Design Example Walk-Through 5. Retiming Restrictions and Workarounds 6. Optimization Example 7. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture Porting Guidelines 8. Appendices 9. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture High-Performance Design Handbook Archive 10. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture High-Performance Design Handbook Revision History
1. Intel® Hyperflex™ FPGA Architecture Introduction x
1.1. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture Design Concepts
2. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture RTL Design Guidelines x
2.1. High-Speed Design Methodology 2.2. Hyper-Retiming (Facilitate Register Movement) 2.3. Hyper-Pipelining (Add Pipeline Registers) 2.4. Hyper-Optimization (Optimize RTL)
2.1. High-Speed Design Methodology x
2.1.1. Set a High-Speed Target 2.1.2. Experiment and Iterate 2.1.3. Compile Components Independently 2.1.4. Optimize Sub-Modules 2.1.5. Avoid Broadcast Signals
2.1.1. Set a High-Speed Target x
2.1.1.1. Speed and Timing Closure 2.1.1.2. Speed and Latency
2.2. Hyper-Retiming (Facilitate Register Movement) x
2.2.1. Reset Strategies 2.2.2. Clock Enable Strategies 2.2.3. Preserving Registers During Synthesis 2.2.4. Timing Constraint Considerations 2.2.5. Clock Synchronization Strategies 2.2.6. Metastability Synchronizers 2.2.7. Initial Power-Up Conditions 2.2.8. Retiming through RAMs and DSPs
2.2.1. Reset Strategies x
2.2.1.1. Removing Asynchronous Resets 2.2.1.2. Synchronous Resets on Global Clock Trees 2.2.1.3. Synchronous Resets on I/O Ports 2.2.1.4. Duplicate and Pipeline Synchronous Resets
2.2.2. Clock Enable Strategies x
2.2.2.1. Localized Clock Enable 2.2.2.2. High Fan-Out Clock Enable 2.2.2.3. Clock Enable with Timing Exceptions
2.2.4. Timing Constraint Considerations x
2.2.4.1. Optimize Multicycle Paths 2.2.4.2. Overconstraints
2.2.5. Clock Synchronization Strategies x
2.2.5.1. Clock Domain Crossing Constraint Guidelines
2.2.7. Initial Power-Up Conditions x
2.2.7.1. Specifying Initial Memory Conditions 2.2.7.2. Initial Conditions and Retiming 2.2.7.3. Initial Conditions and Hyper-Registers 2.2.7.4. Retiming Reset Sequences
2.2.7.3. Initial Conditions and Hyper-Registers x
2.2.7.3.1. Implementing Clock Gating 2.2.7.3.2. Intel® Quartus® Prime Settings for Initial Conditions
2.3. Hyper-Pipelining (Add Pipeline Registers) x
2.3.1. Conventional Versus Hyper-Pipelining 2.3.2. Pipelining and Latency 2.3.3. Use Registers Instead of Multicycle Exceptions
2.3.2. Pipelining and Latency x
2.3.2.1. Pipelining at Variable Latency Locations 2.3.2.2. Automatic Pipeline Insertion
2.3.2.1. Pipelining at Variable Latency Locations x
2.3.2.1.1. Specifying a Latency-Insensitive False Path
2.3.2.2. Automatic Pipeline Insertion x
2.3.2.2.1. Step 1: Create the Variable Latency Module 2.3.2.2.2. Step 2: Instantiate the Variable Latency Module 2.3.2.2.3. Step 3: Verify Automatic Pipeline Insertion Option 2.3.2.2.4. (Optional) Auto-Pipeline Insertion without a Variable Latency Module
2.4. Hyper-Optimization (Optimize RTL) x
2.4.1. General Optimization Techniques 2.4.2. Optimizing Specific Design Structures
2.4.1. General Optimization Techniques x
2.4.1.1. Shannon’s Decomposition 2.4.1.2. Time Domain Multiplexing 2.4.1.3. Loop Unrolling 2.4.1.4. Loop Pipelining 2.4.1.5. Precomputation
2.4.1.1. Shannon’s Decomposition x
2.4.1.1.1. Shannon’s Decomposition Example 2.4.1.1.2. Identifying Circuits for Shannon’s Decomposition
2.4.1.4. Loop Pipelining x
2.4.1.4.1. Loop Pipelining Theory 2.4.1.4.2. Loop Pipelining Demonstration 2.4.1.4.3. Loop Pipelining and Synthesis Optimization
2.4.2. Optimizing Specific Design Structures x
2.4.2.1. High-Speed Clock Domains 2.4.2.2. Restructuring Loops 2.4.2.3. Control Signal Backpressure 2.4.2.4. Flow Control with FIFO Status Signals 2.4.2.5. Flow Control with Skid Buffers 2.4.2.6. Read-Modify-Write Memory 2.4.2.7. Counters and Accumulators 2.4.2.8. State Machines 2.4.2.9. Memory 2.4.2.10. DSP Blocks 2.4.2.11. General Logic 2.4.2.12. Modulus and Division 2.4.2.13. Resets 2.4.2.14. Hardware Re-use 2.4.2.15. Algorithmic Requirements 2.4.2.16. FIFOs 2.4.2.17. Ternary Adders
2.4.2.1. High-Speed Clock Domains x
2.4.2.1.1. Visualizing Clock Networks 2.4.2.1.2. Viewing Clock Networks in the Fitter Report 2.4.2.1.3. Viewing Clocks in the Timing Analyzer
2.4.2.9. Memory x
2.4.2.9.1. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture True Dual-Port Memory 2.4.2.9.2. Use Simple Dual-Port Memories 2.4.2.9.3. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture Simple Dual-Port Memory Example 2.4.2.9.4. Memory Mixed Port Width Ratio Limits 2.4.2.9.5. Unregistered RAM Outputs
3. Compiling Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture Designs x
3.1. Compiling Submodules Independently 3.2. Design Assistant Design Rule Checking
3.2. Design Assistant Design Rule Checking x
3.2.1. Running Design Assistant During Compilation 3.2.2. Running Design Assistant in Analysis Mode
3.2.2. Running Design Assistant in Analysis Mode x
3.2.2.1. Cross-Probing from Design Assistant to Visualization Tools 3.2.2.2. Launching Design Assistant from Chip Planner 3.2.2.3. Launching Design Assistant from Timing Analyzer
4. Design Example Walk-Through x
4.1. Median Filter Design Example
4.1. Median Filter Design Example x
4.1.1. Step 1: Compile the Base Design 4.1.2. Step 2: Add Pipeline Stages and Remove Asynchronous Resets 4.1.3. Step 3: Add More Pipeline Stages and Remove All Asynchronous Resets 4.1.4. Step 4: Optimize Short Path and Long Path Conditions
5. Retiming Restrictions and Workarounds x
5.1. Setting the dont_merge Synthesis Attribute 5.2. Interpreting Critical Chain Reports
5.2. Interpreting Critical Chain Reports x
5.2.1. Insufficient Registers 5.2.2. Short Path/Long Path 5.2.3. Fast Forward Limit 5.2.4. Loops 5.2.5. One Critical Chain per Clock Domain 5.2.6. Critical Chains in Related Clock Groups 5.2.7. Complex Critical Chains 5.2.8. Extend to locatable node 5.2.9. Domain Boundary Entry and Domain Boundary Exit 5.2.10. Critical Chains with Dual Clock Memories 5.2.11. Critical Chain Bits and Buses 5.2.12. Delay Lines
5.2.1. Insufficient Registers x
5.2.1.1. Insufficient Registers Example 5.2.1.2. Optimizing Insufficient Registers 5.2.1.3. Critical Chains with Dual Clock Memories
5.2.2. Short Path/Long Path x
5.2.2.1. Hyper-Register Locations Not Available 5.2.2.2. Example for Hold Optimization 5.2.2.3. Optimizing Short Path/Long Path 5.2.2.4. Add Registers 5.2.2.5. Duplicate Common Nodes 5.2.2.6. Data and Control Plane
5.2.3. Fast Forward Limit x
5.2.3.1. Optimizing Path Limit
5.2.4. Loops x
5.2.4.1. Example of Loops Limiting the Critical Chain
6. Optimization Example x
6.1. Round Robin Scheduler
7. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture Porting Guidelines x
7.1. Design Migration and Performance Exploration 7.2. Top-Level Design Considerations
7.1. Design Migration and Performance Exploration x
7.1.1. Black-boxing Verilog HDL Modules 7.1.2. Black-boxing VHDL Modules 7.1.3. Clock Management 7.1.4. Pin Assignments 7.1.5. Transceiver Control Logic 7.1.6. Upgrade Outdated IP Cores
8. Appendices x
8.1. Appendix A: Parameterizable Pipeline Modules 8.2. Appendix B: Clock Enables and Resets
8.2. Appendix B: Clock Enables and Resets x
8.2.1. Synchronous Resets and Limitations 8.2.2. Retiming with Clock Enables 8.2.3. Resolving Short Paths
8.2.1. Synchronous Resets and Limitations x
8.2.1.1. Synchronous Resets Summary
8.2.2. Retiming with Clock Enables x
8.2.2.1. Example for Broadcast Control Signals
1. Intel® Hyperflex™ FPGA Architecture Introduction
2. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture RTL Design Guidelines
3. Compiling Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture Designs
4. Design Example Walk-Through
5. Retiming Restrictions and Workarounds
6. Optimization Example
7. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture Porting Guidelines
8. Appendices
9. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture High-Performance Design Handbook Archive
10. Intel® Hyperflex™ Architecture High-Performance Design Handbook Revision History

2.2.1.1. Removing Asynchronous Resets

Remove asynchronous resets if a circuit naturally resets when reset is held long enough to reach a steady-state equivalent of full reset.

Verilog HDL and VHDL Asynchronous Reset Examples shows how the asynchronous reset (shown in bold) resets all registers in the pipeline, preventing placement in Hyper-Registers.

Table 3.  Verilog HDL and VHDL Asynchronous Reset Examples
Verilog HDL VHDL 
always @(posedge clk, aclr)
   if (aclr) begin
      reset_synch <= 1'b0;
      aclr_int <= 1’b0;
   end
   else begin
      reset_synch <= 1'b1;
      aclr_int <= reset_synch;
   end

always @(posedge clk, aclr_int)
// Asynchronous reset===============
   if (!aclr_int) begin
      a <= 1'b0;
      b <= 1'b0;
      c <= 1'b0;
      d <= 1'b0;
      out <= 1'b0;
   end
//===============
   else begin
      a <= in;
      b <= a;
      c <= b;
      d <= c;
      out <= d;
   end
 
PROCESS(clk, aclr) BEGIN
   IF (aclr = '0') THEN
      reset_synch <= '0';
      aclr_int <= '0';
   ELSIF rising_edge(clk) THEN
      reset_synch <= '1';
      aclr_int <= reset_synch;
   END IF;
END PROCESS;

PROCESS(clk, aclr_int) BEGIN
// Asynchronous reset===============
   IF (aclr_int = '0') THEN
      a <= '0';
      b <= '0';
      c <= '0';
      d <= '0';
      output <= '0';
//===============
   ELSIF rising_edge(clk) THEN
      a <= input;
      b <= a;
      c <= b;
      d <= c;
      output <= d;
   END IF;
END PROCESS;

Circuit with Full Asynchronous Reset shows the logic of Verilog HDL and VHDL Asynchronous Reset Examples in schematic form. When aclr is asserted, all the outputs of the flops are zeros. Releasing aclr and applying two clock pulses causes all flops to enter functional mode.

Figure 7.  Circuit with Full Asynchronous Reset

Partial Asynchronous Reset illustrates the removal of asynchronous resets from the middle of the circuit. After a partial reset, if the modified circuit settles to the same steady state as the original circuit, the modification is functionally equivalent.

Figure 8. Partial Asynchronous Reset


Circuit with an Inverter in the Register Chain shows how circuits that include inverting logic typically require additional synchronous resets to remain in the pipeline.

Figure 9. Circuit with an Inverter in the Register Chain

After removing reset and applying the clock, the register outputs do not settle to the reset state. If the asynchronous reset is removed from the inverting register, the circuit cannot remain equivalent with Circuit with an Inverter in the Register Chain after settling out of reset.

Figure 10. Circuit with an Inverter in the Register Chain with Asynchronous Reset


To avoid resetting logic caused by non-naturally inverting functions, validate the output to synchronize with reset removal, as Validating the Output to Synchronize with Reset illustrates. If the validating pipeline can enable the output when the computational pipeline is actually valid, the behavior is equivalent with reset removal. This method is suitable even if the computation portion of the circuit does not naturally reset.

Figure 11. Validating the Output to Synchronize with Reset

Verilog HDL Example Using Minimal or No Asynchronous Resets shows Verilog HDL and VHDL examples of Partial Asynchronous Reset. You can adapt this example to your design to remove unnecessary asynchronous resets.

Table 4.  Verilog HDL Example Using Minimal or No Asynchronous Resets
Verilog HDL VHDL 
always @(posedge clk, aclr)
   if (aclr) begin
      reset_synch_1 <= 1'b0;
      reset_synch_2 <= 1'b0;
      aclr_int <= 1'b0;
   end
   else begin
      reset_synch_1 <= 1'b1;
      reset_synch_2 <= reset_synch_1;
      aclr_int <= reset_synch_2;
   end

// Asynchronous reset for output register=====
always @(posedge clk, posedge aclr_int)
   if (aclr_int)
      out <= 1'b0;
   else
      out <= d;



// Synchronous reset for input register=====
always @(posedge clk)
   if (reset_synch_2)
      a <= 1'b0;
   else
      a <= in;





// Naturally resetting registers=====
always @(posedge clk) begin
   b <= a;
   c <= b;
   d <= c;

end
 
PROCESS (clk, aclr) BEGIN
   IF (aclr = '1') THEN
      reset_synch_1 <= '0';
      reset_synch_2 <= '0';
      aclr_int <= '0';
   ELSIF rising_edge(clk) THEN
      reset_synch_1 <= '1';
      reset_synch_2 <= reset_synch_1;
      aclr_int <= reset_synch_2;
   END IF;
END PROCESS;

// Asynchronous reset for output register=====
PROCESS (clk, aclr_int) BEGIN
   IF (aclr_int = '1') THEN
      output <= '0';
   ELSIF rising_edge(clk) THEN
      output <= d;
   END IF;
END PROCESS;

// Synchronous reset for input register=====
PROCESS (clk) BEGIN
   IF rising_edge(clk) THEN
      IF (reset_synch_2 = '1') THEN
         a <= '0';
      ELSE
         a <= input;
      END IF;
   END IF;
END PROCESS;

// Naturally resetting registers=====
PROCESS (clk) BEGIN
   IF rising_edge(clk) THEN
      b <= a;
      c <= b;
      d <= c;
   END IF;
END PROCESS;
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