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Execution Model Overview
Thread Mapping and GPU Occupancy
Kernels
Using Libraries for GPU Offload
Host/Device Memory, Buffer and USM
Host/Device Coordination
Using Multiple Heterogeneous Devices
Compilation
OpenMP Offloading Tuning Guide
Multi-GPU, Multi-Stack and Multi-C-Slice Architecture and Programming
Level Zero
Performance Profiling and Analysis
Configuring GPU Device
Sub-Groups and SIMD Vectorization
Removing Conditional Checks
Registerization and Avoiding Register Spills
Porting Code with High Register Pressure to Intel® Max GPUs
Small Register Mode vs. Large Register Mode
Shared Local Memory
Pointer Aliasing and the Restrict Directive
Synchronization among Threads in a Kernel
Considerations for Selecting Work-Group Size
Prefetch
Reduction
Kernel Launch
Executing Multiple Kernels on the Device at the Same Time
Submitting Kernels to Multiple Queues
Avoiding Redundant Queue Constructions
Programming Intel® XMX Using SYCL Joint Matrix Extension
Doing I/O in the Kernel
Explicit Scaling on Multi-GPU, Multi-Stack, Multi-C-Slice in SYCL
Explicit Scaling Using Intel® oneAPI Math Kernel Library (oneMKL) in SYCL
Explicit Scaling on Multi-GPU, Multi-Stack and Multi-C-Slice in OpenMP
Explicit Scaling Using Intel® oneAPI Math Kernel Library (oneMKL) in OpenMP
Explicit Scaling Summary
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GPU Memory System
The memory for a general-purpose engine is partitioned into host-side memory and device-side memory as shown in the following figure, using Unified Shared Memory (USM) to move objects between the two sides. Each address hashes to a unique bank. Approximate uniform distribution for sequential, strided, and random addresses.
Full bandwidth when same number of banks as Xe-cores (reduced by queuing congestion, hot-spotting, bank congestion).
TLB misses on virtual address translation increase memory latency. May trigger more memory accesses and cache evictions.
High miss rate on GPU cache may decrease GPU Memory controller efficiency when presented with highly distributed accesses.
Compression unit compresses adjacent cache lines. Also supports read/write of fast-clear surfaces. Improves bandwidth but also adds latency.
GPU Memory System
GPU Memory accesses measured at VE:
Sustained fabric bandwidth ~90% of peak
GPU cache hit ~150 cycles, cache miss ~300 cycles. TLB miss adds 50-150 cycles
GPU cache line read after write to same cache line adds ~30 cycles
Stacks accessing device memory on a different stack utilize a new GAM-to-GAM High bandwidth interface (“GT Link”) between stacks. The bandwidth of this interface closely matches the memory bandwidth that can be handled by the device memory sub-system of any single stack.
Loads/Stores/Atomics in VE Threads
VE threads make memory accesses by sending messages to a data-port,
the load instruction sends address and receive data, The store
instructions send address and data. All VE in Xe-core share one
Memory Load/Store
data-port as shown in the figure below.
Inside Xe-core: ~128-256 Bytes per cycle
Outside Xe-core: ~64 Bytes per cycle
Read bandwidth sometimes higher than write bandwidth
VE thread and Memory Access
A new memory access can be started every cycle, typical 32b SIMD16
SEND operations complete in 6 cycles
plus their memory latency (4-element vectors complete in 12 cycles
plus memory latency), and Independent addresses are merged to minimize
memory bandwidth. Keep it mind on memory latencies:
Access type |
Latency |
|---|---|
Shared local memory |
~30 cycles |
Xe-core data cache hit |
~50 cycles |
GPU cache hit |
~150 - ~200 cycles |
GPU cache miss |
~300 - ~500 cycles |
All Loads/Stores are relaxed ordering (ISO C11 memory model, Read and Write) are in-order for the same address from the same thread. Different addresses in same thread may complete out-of-order, Read/Write ordering is not maintained between threads nor VEs nor Xe-cores, so code needs to use atomic and/or fence operations to guarantee additional ordering.
An atomic operation may involve both reading from and then writing to a memory location. Atomic operations apply only to either unordered access views or thread-group shared memory. It is guaranteed that when a thread issues an atomic operation on a memory address, no write to the same address from outside the current atomic operation by any thread can occur between the atomic read and write.
If multiple atomic operations from different threads target the same address, the operations are serialized in an undefined order. This serialization occurs due to L2 serialization rules to the same address. Atomic operations do not imply a memory or thread fence. If the program author/compiler does not make appropriate use of fences, it is not guaranteed that all threads see the result of any given memory operation at the same time, or in any particular order with respect to updates to other memory addresses. However, atomic operations are always stated on a global level (except on shared local memory), and when the atomic operation is complete the final result is always visible to all thread groups. Each generation since Gen7 has increased the capability and performance of atomic operations.
The following SYCL code example performs 1024 same address atomic operations per work item. Each work item use a different (unique) address, compiler generates SIMD32 kernel for each VE thread, which will perform 2 SIMD16 atomic operations on 2 cache-lines, and compiler unrolls loop ~8 times to reduce register dependency stalls as well.
#include <CL/sycl.hpp>
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <vector>
#ifndef SCALE
#define SCALE 1
#endif
#define N 1024*SCALE
#define SG_SIZE 32
// Number of repetitions
constexpr int repetitions = 16;
constexpr int warm_up_token = -1;
static auto exception_handler = [](sycl::exception_list eList) {
for (std::exception_ptr const &e : eList) {
try {
std::rethrow_exception(e);
} catch (std::exception const &e) {
std::cout << "Failure" << std::endl;
std::terminate();
}
}
};
class Timer {
public:
Timer() : start_(std::chrono::steady_clock::now()) {}
double Elapsed() {
auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
return std::chrono::duration_cast<Duration>(now - start_).count();
}
private:
using Duration = std::chrono::duration<double>;
std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start_;
};
#ifdef FLUSH_CACHE
void flush_cache(sycl::queue &q, sycl::buffer<int> &flush_buf) {
auto flush_size = flush_buf.get_size()/sizeof(int);
auto ev = q.submit([&](auto &h) {
sycl::accessor flush_acc(flush_buf, h, sycl::write_only, sycl::noinit);
h.parallel_for(flush_size, [=](auto index) { flush_acc[index] = 1; });
});
ev.wait_and_throw();
}
#endif
void atomicLatencyTest(sycl::queue &q, sycl::buffer<int> inbuf,
sycl::buffer<int> flush_buf, int &res, int iter) {
const size_t data_size = inbuf.byte_size()/sizeof(int);
sycl::buffer<int> sum_buf(&res, 1);
double elapsed = 0;
for (int k = warm_up_token; k < iter; k++) {
#ifdef FLUSH_CACHE
flush_cache(q, flush_buf);
#endif
Timer timer;
q.submit([&](auto &h) {
sycl::accessor buf_acc(inbuf, h, sycl::write_only, sycl::no_init);
h.parallel_for(sycl::nd_range<1>(sycl::range<>{N}, sycl::range<>{SG_SIZE}), [=](sycl::nd_item<1> item)
[[intel::reqd_sub_group_size(SG_SIZE)]] {
int i = item.get_global_id(0);
for (int ii = 0; ii < 1024; ++ii) {
auto v =
#ifdef ATOMIC_RELAXED
sycl::atomic_ref<int, sycl::memory_order::relaxed,
sycl::memory_scope::device,
sycl::access::address_space::global_space>(buf_acc[i]);
#else
sycl::atomic_ref<int, sycl::memory_order::acq_rel,
sycl::memory_scope::device,
sycl::access::address_space::global_space>(buf_acc[i]);
#endif
v.fetch_add(1);
}
});
});
q.wait();
elapsed += (iter == warm_up_token) ? 0 : timer.Elapsed();
}
std::cout << "SUCCESS: Time atomicLatency = " << elapsed << "s" << std::endl;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
sycl::queue q{sycl::gpu_selector_v, exception_handler};
std::cout << q.get_device().get_info<sycl::info::device::name>() << std::endl;
std::vector<int> data(N);
std::vector<int> extra(N);
for (size_t i = 0; i < N ; ++i) {
data[i] = 1;
extra[i] = 1;
}
int res=0;
const sycl::property_list props = {sycl::property::buffer::use_host_ptr()};
sycl::buffer<int> buf(data.data(), data.size(), props);
sycl::buffer<int> flush_buf(extra.data(), extra.size(), props);
atomicLatencyTest(q, buf, flush_buf, res, 16);
}
In real workloads with atomics, users need to understand memory access behaviors and data set size when select a beneficial atomic operation to achieve optimal bandwidth.