Video and Vision Processing Suite Intel® FPGA IP User Guide

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Date 5/08/2024
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Document Table of Contents
Document Table of Contents x
1. About the Video and Vision Processing Suite 2. Getting Started with the Video and Vision Processing IPs 3. Video and Vision Processing IPs Functional Description 4. Video and Vision Processing IP Interfaces 5. Video and Vision Processing IP Registers 6. Video and Vision Processing IPs Software Programming Model 7. Protocol Converter Intel® FPGA IP 8. 1D LUT Intel® FPGA IP 9. 3D LUT Intel® FPGA IP 10. AXI-Stream Broadcaster Intel® FPGA IP 11. Bits per Color Sample Adapter Intel FPGA IP 12. Black Level Correction Intel® FPGA IP 13. Black Level Statistics Intel® FPGA IP 14. Chroma Key Intel® FPGA IP 15. Chroma Resampler Intel® FPGA IP 16. Clipper Intel® FPGA IP 17. Clocked Video Input Intel® FPGA IP 18. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Intel® FPGA IP 19. Clocked Video Output Intel® FPGA IP 20. Color Plane Manager Intel® FPGA IP 21. Color Space Converter Intel® FPGA IP 22. Defective Pixel Correction Intel® FPGA IP 23. Deinterlacer Intel® FPGA IP 24. Demosaic Intel® FPGA IP 25. FIR Filter Intel® FPGA IP 26. Frame Cleaner Intel® FPGA IP 27. Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter Intel® FPGA IP 28. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Intel® FPGA IP 29. Genlock Controller Intel® FPGA IP 30. Generic Crosspoint Intel® FPGA IP 31. Genlock Signal Router Intel® FPGA IP 32. Guard Bands Intel® FPGA IP 33. Histogram Statistics Intel® FPGA IP 34. Interlacer Intel® FPGA IP 35. Mixer Intel® FPGA IP 36. Pixels in Parallel Converter Intel® FPGA IP 37. Scaler Intel® FPGA IP 38. Stream Cleaner Intel® FPGA IP 39. Switch Intel® FPGA IP 40. Tone Mapping Operator Intel® FPGA IP 41. Test Pattern Generator Intel® FPGA IP 42. Unsharp Mask Intel® FPGA IP 43. Video and Vision Monitor Intel FPGA IP 44. Video Frame Buffer Intel® FPGA IP 45. Video Frame Reader Intel FPGA IP 46. Video Frame Writer Intel FPGA IP 47. Video Streaming FIFO Intel® FPGA IP 48. Video Timing Generator Intel® FPGA IP 49. Vignette Correction Intel® FPGA IP 50. Warp Intel® FPGA IP 51. White Balance Correction Intel® FPGA IP 52. White Balance Statistics Intel® FPGA IP 53. Design Security 54. Document Revision History for Video and Vision Processing Suite User Guide
1. About the Video and Vision Processing Suite x
1.1. Video and Vision Processing IPs Features 1.2. Device Family Support 1.3. Video and Vision Processing IPs Release Information 1.4. Lite versus Full IP Variants 1.5. Glossary of Video and Vision Terminology
2. Getting Started with the Video and Vision Processing IPs x
2.1. Video and Vision Processing IP Evaluation Time-out Behavior 2.2. Generating a Video and Vision Processing IP 2.3. Simulating the Video and Vision Processing IPs
3. Video and Vision Processing IPs Functional Description x
3.1. Auxiliary Control Packets 3.2. Latency 3.3. IP Debugging Features 3.4. Stall Behavior and Error Recovery 3.5. Avalon Streaming Video Protocol Versus Intel FPGA Streaming Video Protocol
5. Video and Vision Processing IP Registers x
5.1. Video and Vision Processing IP Control Examples
7. Protocol Converter Intel® FPGA IP x
7.1. About the Protocol Converter IP 7.2. Protocol Converter IP Parameters 7.3. Protocol Converter IP Functional Description 7.4. Protocol Converter IP Interfaces 7.5. Protocol Converter IP Registers 7.6. Protocol Converter IP Software API
7.1. About the Protocol Converter IP x
7.1.1. Protocol Converter IP Performance and Resources
8. 1D LUT Intel® FPGA IP x
8.1. About the 1D LUT IP 8.2. 1D LUT IP Parameters 8.3. 1D LUT IP Interfaces 8.4. 1D LUT IP Registers 8.5. 1D LUT IP Software API
8.1. About the 1D LUT IP x
8.1.1. 1D LUT IP Performance and Resources
9. 3D LUT Intel® FPGA IP x
9.1. About the 3D LUT Intel® FPGA IP 9.2. 3D LUT IP Parameters 9.3. 3D LUT IP Block Description 9.4. 3D LUT IP Registers 9.5. 3D LUT IP Software API
9.1. About the 3D LUT Intel® FPGA IP x
9.1.1. 3D LUT IP Features 9.1.2. 3D LUT IP Performance IP and Resource Information
9.3. 3D LUT IP Block Description x
9.3.1. 3D LUT IP Interfaces 9.3.2. 3D LUT IP Latency
10. AXI-Stream Broadcaster Intel® FPGA IP x
10.1. About the AXI-Stream Broadcaster IP 10.2. AXI-Stream Broadcaster IP Parameters 10.3. AXI-Stream Broadcaster IP Interfaces
10.1. About the AXI-Stream Broadcaster IP x
10.1.1. AXI-Stream Broadcaster IP Features 10.1.2. AXI-Stream Broadcaster IP Performance and Resources
11. Bits per Color Sample Adapter Intel FPGA IP x
11.1. About the Bits per Color Sample Adapter IP 11.2. Bits per Color Sample Adapter IP Parameters 11.3. Bits per Color Sample Adapter IP Interfaces 11.4. Bits per Color Sample Adapter IP Registers 11.5. Bits per Color Sample Adapter Software API
11.1. About the Bits per Color Sample Adapter IP x
11.1.1. Bits per Color Sample Adapter IP Performance and Resources
12. Black Level Correction Intel® FPGA IP x
12.1. About the Black Level Correction IP 12.2. Black Level Correction IP Parameters 12.3. Black Level Correction IP Functional Description 12.4. Black Level Correction IP Registers 12.5. Black Level Correction IP Software API
12.1. About the Black Level Correction IP x
12.1.1. Black Level Correction IP Performance and Resources
12.3. Black Level Correction IP Functional Description x
12.3.1. Black Level Correction IP Interfaces
13. Black Level Statistics Intel® FPGA IP x
13.1. About the Black Level Statistics IP 13.2. Black Level Statistics IP Parameters 13.3. Black Level Statistics IP Interfaces 13.4. Black Level Statistics IP Registers 13.5. Black Level Statistics IP Software API
13.1. About the Black Level Statistics IP x
13.1.1. Black Level Statistics IP Performance and Resources
14. Chroma Key Intel® FPGA IP x
14.1. About the Chroma Key IP 14.2. Chroma Key IP Parameters 14.3. Chroma Key IP Interfaces 14.4. Chroma Key Replacement 14.5. Chroma Key IP Registers 14.6. Chroma Key IP Software API
14.1. About the Chroma Key IP x
14.1.1. Chroma Key IP Performance and Resources
15. Chroma Resampler Intel® FPGA IP x
15.1. About the Chroma Resampler IP 15.2. Chroma Resampler IP Parameters 15.3. Chroma Resampler IP Functional Description 15.4. Chroma Resampler IP Registers 15.5. Chroma Resampler IP Software API
15.1. About the Chroma Resampler IP x
15.1.1. Chroma Resampler Performance and Resources
15.3. Chroma Resampler IP Functional Description x
15.3.1. Chroma Resampler IP Interfaces
16. Clipper Intel® FPGA IP x
16.1. About the Clipper IP 16.2. Clipper IP Parameters 16.3. Clipper IP Interfaces 16.4. Clipper IP Registers 16.5. Clipper IP Software API
16.1. About the Clipper IP x
16.1.1. Clipper IP Performance and Resources
17. Clocked Video Input Intel® FPGA IP x
17.1. About the Clocked Video Input IP 17.2. Initializing the Clocked Video Input IP 17.3. Clocked Video Input IP Parameters 17.4. Clocked Video Input IP Interfaces 17.5. Clocked Video Input IP Registers 17.6. Clocked Video Input IP Software API
17.1. About the Clocked Video Input IP x
17.1.1. Clocked Video Input IP Features 17.1.2. Clocked Video Input IP Performance and Resources
18. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Intel® FPGA IP x
18.1. About the Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter IP 18.2. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Parameters 18.3. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Block Description 18.4. Clocked Video Converter to Full-Raster IP Registers
18.1. About the Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter IP x
18.1.1. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Features 18.1.2. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Performance and Resources
18.3. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Block Description x
18.3.1. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Interfaces
19. Clocked Video Output Intel® FPGA IP x
19.1. About the Clocked Video Output IP 19.2. Clocked Video Output IP Parameters 19.3. Clocked Video Output IP Functional Description 19.4. Clocked Video Output IP Interfaces 19.5. Clocked Video Output IP Registers 19.6. Clocked Video Output IP Software API
19.1. About the Clocked Video Output IP x
19.1.1. Clocked Video Output IP Performance and Resources 19.1.2. Clocked Video Output IP Features
20. Color Plane Manager Intel® FPGA IP x
20.1. About the Color Plane Manager IP 20.2. Color Plane Manager IP Parameters 20.3. Color Plane Manager IP Functional Description 20.4. Color Plane Manager IP Registers 20.5. Color Plane Manager Software API
20.1. About the Color Plane Manager IP x
20.1.1. Color Plane Manager IP Performance and Resources
20.3. Color Plane Manager IP Functional Description x
20.3.1. Color Plane Manager IP Interfaces
21. Color Space Converter Intel® FPGA IP x
21.1. About the Color Space Converter IP 21.2. Color Space Converter IP Parameters 21.3. Color Space Converter IP Functional Description 21.4. Color Space Converter IP Registers 21.5. Color Space Converter IP Software API
21.1. About the Color Space Converter IP x
21.1.1. Color Space Converter IP Features 21.1.2. Color Space Converter IP Performance and Resources
21.3. Color Space Converter IP Functional Description x
21.3.1. Color Space Converter IP Interfaces
22. Defective Pixel Correction Intel® FPGA IP x
22.1. About the Defective Pixel Correction IP 22.2. Defective Pixel Correction IP Parameters 22.3. Defective Pixel Correction IP Functional Description 22.4. Defective Pixel Correction IP Registers 22.5. Defective Pixel Correction IP Software API
22.1. About the Defective Pixel Correction IP x
22.1.1. Defective Pixel Correction IP Performance and Resources
22.3. Defective Pixel Correction IP Functional Description x
22.3.1. Defective Pixel Correction IP Interfaces
23. Deinterlacer Intel® FPGA IP x
23.1. About the Deinterlacer IP 23.2. Deinterlacer Parameters 23.3. Deinterlacer Interfaces 23.4. Deinterlacer IP Registers 23.5. Deinterlacer IP Software API
23.1. About the Deinterlacer IP x
23.1.1. Deinterlacer Performance and Resources
24. Demosaic Intel® FPGA IP x
24.1. About the Demosaic IP 24.2. Demosaic IP Parameters 24.3. Demosaic IP Functional Description 24.4. Demosaic IP Registers 24.5. Demosaic IP Software API
24.1. About the Demosaic IP x
24.1.1. Demosaic IP Performance and Resources
24.3. Demosaic IP Functional Description x
24.3.1. Demosaic IP Interfaces
25. FIR Filter Intel® FPGA IP x
25.1. About the FIR Filter 25.2. FIR Filter Parameters 25.3. FIR Filter IP Operation 25.4. FIR Filter Interfaces 25.5. FIR Filter Registers 25.6. FIR Filter IP Software API
25.1. About the FIR Filter x
25.1.1. FIR Filter IP Performance and Resources
25.3. FIR Filter IP Operation x
25.3.1. FIR Filter Processing 25.3.2. FIR Filter Precision 25.3.3. FIR Coefficient Specification 25.3.4. FIR Filter Symmetry 25.3.5. Result to Output Data Type Conversion
25.3.4. FIR Filter Symmetry x
25.3.4.1. No Symmetry 25.3.4.2. Horizontal Symmetry 25.3.4.3. Vertical Symmetry 25.3.4.4. Horizontal and Vertical Symmetry 25.3.4.5. Diagonal Symmetry
26. Frame Cleaner Intel® FPGA IP x
26.1. About the Frame Cleaner IP 26.2. Frame Cleaner IP Parameters 26.3. Frame Cleaner IP Functional Description 26.4. Frame Cleaner IP Interfaces 26.5. Frame Cleaner IP Registers 26.6. Frame Cleaner IP Software API
26.1. About the Frame Cleaner IP x
26.1.1. Frame Cleaner IP Performance and Resources
27. Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter Intel® FPGA IP x
27.1. About the Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter 27.2. Full Raster to Clocked Video Converter Parameters 27.3. Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter Block Description 27.4. Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter Registers
27.1. About the Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter x
27.1.1. Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter Features 27.1.2. Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter Performance and Resource Utilization
27.3. Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter Block Description x
27.3.1. Full Raster to Clocked Video Converter Interfaces
28. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Intel® FPGA IP x
28.1. About the Full-Raster to Streaming Converter IP 28.2. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Parameters 28.3. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Block Description
28.1. About the Full-Raster to Streaming Converter IP x
28.1.1. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Features 28.1.2. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Performance and Resources
28.3. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Block Description x
28.3.1. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Interfaces
29. Genlock Controller Intel® FPGA IP x
29.1. About the Genlock Controller IP 29.2. Genlock Controller IP Parameters 29.3. Genlock Controller IP Functional Description 29.4. Using Genlock Controller IP Software 29.5. Genlock Controller IP Registers 29.6. Genlock Controller IP Software API
29.1. About the Genlock Controller IP x
29.1.1. Genlock Controller IP Performance and Resources
29.3. Genlock Controller IP Functional Description x
29.3.1. Genlock Controller IP Interfaces
29.4. Using Genlock Controller IP Software x
29.4.1. Achieving Genlock Controller Free Running (for Initialization or from Lock to Reference Clock N) 29.4.2. Locking to Reference Clock N (from Genlock Controller IP free running) 29.4.3. Setting the VCXO hold over 29.4.4. Restarting the Genlock Controller IP 29.4.5. Locking to Reference Clock N New (from Locking to Reference Clock N Old) 29.4.6. Changing to Reference Clock or VCXO Base Frequencies (switch between p50 and p59.94 video formats and vice-versa) 29.4.7. Disturbing a Reference Clock (a cable pull)
30. Generic Crosspoint Intel® FPGA IP x
30.1. About the Generic Crosspoint IP 30.2. Generic Crosspoint IP Parameters 30.3. Generic Crosspoint IP Interfaces 30.4. Generic Crosspoint IP Registers 30.5. Generic Crosspoint IP Software API
30.1. About the Generic Crosspoint IP x
30.1.1. Generic Crosspoint IP Features 30.1.2. Generic Crosspoint Performance and Resources
31. Genlock Signal Router Intel® FPGA IP x
31.1. About the Genlock Signal Router IP 31.2. Genlock Signal Router IP Parameters 31.3. Genlock Signal Router IP Interfaces 31.4. Genlock Signal Router IP Registers 31.5. Genlock Signal Router IP Software API
31.1. About the Genlock Signal Router IP x
31.1.1. Genlock Signal Router IP Features 31.1.2. Genlock Signal Router IP Performance and Resources
32. Guard Bands Intel® FPGA IP x
32.1. About the Guard Bands IP 32.2. Guard Bands IP Parameters 32.3. Guard Bands IP Interfaces 32.4. Guard Bands IP Registers 32.5. Guard Bands IP Software API
32.1. About the Guard Bands IP x
32.1.1. Guard Bands IP Performance and Resources
33. Histogram Statistics Intel® FPGA IP x
33.1. About the Histogram Statistics IP 33.2. Histogram Statistics IP Parameters 33.3. Histogram Statistics IP Interfaces 33.4. Histogram Statistics IP Registers 33.5. Histogram Statistics IP Software API
33.1. About the Histogram Statistics IP x
33.1.1. Histogram Statistics IP Performance and Resources
34. Interlacer Intel® FPGA IP x
34.1. About the Interlacer IP 34.2. Interlacer IP Parameters 34.3. Interlacer IP Functional Description 34.4. Interlacer IP Registers 34.5. Interlacer IP Software API
34.1. About the Interlacer IP x
34.1.1. Interlacer IP Performance and Resources
34.3. Interlacer IP Functional Description x
34.3.1. Interlacer IP Interfaces
35. Mixer Intel® FPGA IP x
35.1. About the Mixer IP 35.2. Mixer IP Parameters 35.3. Mixer IP Functional Description 35.4. Mixer IP Registers 35.5. Mixer IP Software API
35.1. About the Mixer IP x
35.1.1. Mixer IP Performance and Resources
35.3. Mixer IP Functional Description x
35.3.1. Mixer IP Interfaces
36. Pixels in Parallel Converter Intel® FPGA IP x
36.1. About the Pixels in Parallel Converter IP 36.2. Pixels in Parallel Converter IP Parameters 36.3. Pixels in Parallel Converter Interfaces 36.4. Pixels in Parallel Converter Registers 36.5. Pixels in Parallel Converter IP Software API
36.1. About the Pixels in Parallel Converter IP x
36.1.1. Pixels in Parallel Converter IP Performance and Resources
37. Scaler Intel® FPGA IP x
37.1. About the Scaler 37.2. Scaler IP Parameters 37.3. Scaler IP Functional Description 37.4. Scaler IP Registers 37.5. Scaler IP Software API
37.1. About the Scaler x
37.1.1. Scaler IP Performance and Resources
37.2. Scaler IP Parameters x
37.2.1. Scaler Maximum Resolution
37.3. Scaler IP Functional Description x
Nearest neighbor Bilinear Polyphase 37.3.1. Coefficient Selection 37.3.2. Coefficient Quantization 37.3.3. Filter Behavior at Edge Boundaries 37.3.4. Partial Frame Scaling 37.3.5. 422 and 420 Chroma Sampled Data Scaling 37.3.6. Scaler IP Interfaces
37.3.1. Coefficient Selection x
37.3.1.1. Updating Scaler IP Runtime Coefficients
38. Stream Cleaner Intel® FPGA IP x
38.1. About the Stream Cleaner IP 38.2. Stream Cleaner IP Parameters 38.3. Stream Cleaner IP Functional Description
38.1. About the Stream Cleaner IP x
38.1.1. Stream Cleaner IP Performance and Resources
38.3. Stream Cleaner IP Functional Description x
38.3.1. Stream Cleaner IP Interfaces
39. Switch Intel® FPGA IP x
39.1. About the Switch IP 39.2. Switch IP Parameters 39.3. Switch IP Functional Description 39.4. Switch IP Registers 39.5. Switch IP Software API
39.1. About the Switch IP x
39.1.1. Switch IP Performance and Resources
39.3. Switch IP Functional Description x
39.3.1. Switch IP Latency 39.3.2. Switch IP Interfaces
40. Tone Mapping Operator Intel® FPGA IP x
40.1. About the Tone Mapping Operator IP 40.2. TMO IP Parameters 40.3. TMO IP Block Description 40.4. TMO IP Registers 40.5. TMO IP Software API
40.1. About the Tone Mapping Operator IP x
40.1.1. TMO IP Features 40.1.2. TMO IP Performance and Resource Utilization
40.3. TMO IP Block Description x
40.3.1. TMO IP Interfaces 40.3.2. TMO IP Latency
41. Test Pattern Generator Intel® FPGA IP x
41.1. About the Test Pattern Generator IP 41.2. Test Pattern Generator IP Parameters 41.3. Test Pattern Generator IP Functional Description 41.4. Test Pattern Generator IP Registers 41.5. Test Pattern Generator IP Software API
41.1. About the Test Pattern Generator IP x
41.1.1. Test Pattern Generator IP Performance and Resources
41.3. Test Pattern Generator IP Functional Description x
41.3.1. Test Pattern Generator IP Interfaces
42. Unsharp Mask Intel® FPGA IP x
42.1. About the Unsharp Mask IP 42.2. Unsharp Mask IP Parameters 42.3. Unsharp Mask IP Functional Description 42.4. Unsharp Mask IP Registers 42.5. Unsharp Mask IP Software API
42.1. About the Unsharp Mask IP x
42.1.1. Unsharp Mask IP Performance and Resources
42.3. Unsharp Mask IP Functional Description x
42.3.1. Unsharp Mask IP Interfaces
43. Video and Vision Monitor Intel FPGA IP x
43.1. About the Video and Vision Monitor IP 43.2. Video and Vision Monitor IP Parameters 43.3. Video and Vision Monitor IP Functional Description 43.4. Video and Vision Monitor IP Registers 43.5. Video and Vision Monitor Software API
43.1. About the Video and Vision Monitor IP x
43.1.1. Video and Vision Monitor IP Performance and Resources
43.3. Video and Vision Monitor IP Functional Description x
43.3.1. Video and Vision Monitor IP Interfaces
44. Video Frame Buffer Intel® FPGA IP x
44.1. About the Video Frame Buffer IP 44.2. Video Frame Buffer IP Parameters 44.3. Video Frame Buffer IP Functional Description 44.4. Video Frame Buffer IP Registers 44.5. Video Frame Buffer IP Software API
44.1. About the Video Frame Buffer IP x
44.1.1. Video Frame Buffer Performance and Resources
44.3. Video Frame Buffer IP Functional Description x
44.3.1. Video Frame Buffer IP Interfaces
45. Video Frame Reader Intel FPGA IP x
45.1. About the Video Frame Reader IP 45.2. Video Frame Reader IP Parameters 45.3. Video Frame Reader IP Functional Description 45.4. Video Frame Reader IP Registers 45.5. Video Frame Reader IP Software API
45.1. About the Video Frame Reader IP x
45.1.1. Video Frame Reader IP Performance and Resources
45.3. Video Frame Reader IP Functional Description x
45.3.1. Video Frame Reader IP Interfaces
46. Video Frame Writer Intel FPGA IP x
46.1. About the Video Buffer Writer IP 46.2. Video Frame Writer IP Parameters 46.3. Video Frame Writer IP Functional Description 46.4. Video Frame Writer IP Registers 46.5. Video Frame Writer IP Software API
46.1. About the Video Buffer Writer IP x
46.1.1. Video Frame Writer IP Performance and Resources
46.3. Video Frame Writer IP Functional Description x
46.3.1. Video Frame Writer IP Interfaces
47. Video Streaming FIFO Intel® FPGA IP x
47.1. About the Video Streaming FIFO IP 47.2. Video Streaming FIFO IP Parameters 47.3. Video Streaming FIFO IP Interfaces
47.1. About the Video Streaming FIFO IP x
47.1.1. Video Streaming FIFO IP Performance and Resources
48. Video Timing Generator Intel® FPGA IP x
48.1. About the Video Timing Generator IP 48.2. Video Timing Generator IP Parameters 48.3. Video Timing Generator IP Functional Description 48.4. Video Timing Generator IP Interfaces 48.5. Video Timing Generator IP Registers 48.6. Video Timing Generator IP Software API
48.1. About the Video Timing Generator IP x
48.1.1. Video Timing Generator IP Features 48.1.2. Video Timing Generator IP Performance and Resources
49. Vignette Correction Intel® FPGA IP x
49.1. About the Vignette Correction IP 49.2. Vignette Correction IP Parameters 49.3. Vignette Correction IP Interfaces 49.4. Vignette Correction IP Registers 49.5. Vignette Correction IP Software API
49.1. About the Vignette Correction IP x
49.1.1. Vignette Correction IP Performance and Resources
50. Warp Intel® FPGA IP x
50.1. About the Warp IP 50.2. Warp IP Parameters 50.3. Warp IP Block Description 50.4. Warp IP Registers 50.5. Warp IP Software API
50.1. About the Warp IP x
50.1.1. Warp IP Features 50.1.2. Warp IP Performance and Resource Utilization
50.3. Warp IP Block Description x
50.3.1. Block Cache Tool 50.3.2. Warp IP Interfaces 50.3.3. Warp IP Latency 50.3.4. External Memory for Warp IP
50.5. Warp IP Software API x
50.5.1. Using Warp IP Software 50.5.2. Warp IP Software Code Examples
51. White Balance Correction Intel® FPGA IP x
51.1. About the White Balance Correction IP 51.2. White Balance Correction IP Parameters 51.3. White Balance Correction IP Functional Description 51.4. White Balance Correction IP Registers 51.5. White Balance Correction IP Software API
51.1. About the White Balance Correction IP x
51.1.1. White Balance Correction IP Performance and Resources
51.3. White Balance Correction IP Functional Description x
51.3.1. White Balance Correction IP Interfaces
52. White Balance Statistics Intel® FPGA IP x
52.1. About the White Balance Statistics IP 52.2. White Balance Statistics IP Parameters 52.3. White Balance Statistics IP Interfaces 52.4. White Balance Statistics IP Registers 52.5. White Balance Statistics IP Software API
52.1. About the White Balance Statistics IP x
52.1.1. White Balance Statistics IP Performance and Resources
53. Design Security x
53.1. Memory Subsystems 53.2. Considering Design Security
1. About the Video and Vision Processing Suite
2. Getting Started with the Video and Vision Processing IPs
3. Video and Vision Processing IPs Functional Description
4. Video and Vision Processing IP Interfaces
5. Video and Vision Processing IP Registers
6. Video and Vision Processing IPs Software Programming Model
7. Protocol Converter Intel® FPGA IP
8. 1D LUT Intel® FPGA IP
9. 3D LUT Intel® FPGA IP
10. AXI-Stream Broadcaster Intel® FPGA IP
11. Bits per Color Sample Adapter Intel FPGA IP
12. Black Level Correction Intel® FPGA IP
13. Black Level Statistics Intel® FPGA IP
14. Chroma Key Intel® FPGA IP
15. Chroma Resampler Intel® FPGA IP
16. Clipper Intel® FPGA IP
17. Clocked Video Input Intel® FPGA IP
18. Clocked Video to Full-Raster Converter Intel® FPGA IP
19. Clocked Video Output Intel® FPGA IP
20. Color Plane Manager Intel® FPGA IP
21. Color Space Converter Intel® FPGA IP
22. Defective Pixel Correction Intel® FPGA IP
23. Deinterlacer Intel® FPGA IP
24. Demosaic Intel® FPGA IP
25. FIR Filter Intel® FPGA IP
26. Frame Cleaner Intel® FPGA IP
27. Full-Raster to Clocked Video Converter Intel® FPGA IP
28. Full-Raster to Streaming Converter Intel® FPGA IP
29. Genlock Controller Intel® FPGA IP
30. Generic Crosspoint Intel® FPGA IP
31. Genlock Signal Router Intel® FPGA IP
32. Guard Bands Intel® FPGA IP
33. Histogram Statistics Intel® FPGA IP
34. Interlacer Intel® FPGA IP
35. Mixer Intel® FPGA IP
36. Pixels in Parallel Converter Intel® FPGA IP
37. Scaler Intel® FPGA IP
38. Stream Cleaner Intel® FPGA IP
39. Switch Intel® FPGA IP
40. Tone Mapping Operator Intel® FPGA IP
41. Test Pattern Generator Intel® FPGA IP
42. Unsharp Mask Intel® FPGA IP
43. Video and Vision Monitor Intel FPGA IP
44. Video Frame Buffer Intel® FPGA IP
45. Video Frame Reader Intel FPGA IP
46. Video Frame Writer Intel FPGA IP
47. Video Streaming FIFO Intel® FPGA IP
48. Video Timing Generator Intel® FPGA IP
49. Vignette Correction Intel® FPGA IP
50. Warp Intel® FPGA IP
51. White Balance Correction Intel® FPGA IP
52. White Balance Statistics Intel® FPGA IP
53. Design Security
54. Document Revision History for Video and Vision Processing Suite User Guide

37.3. Scaler IP Functional Description

The scaler supports three options for the algorithm that resizes the video fields: nearest neighbor, bilinear and polyphase.

Nearest neighbor

Nearest neighbor is the lowest cost and lowest quality algorithm. Each pixel in the output field is a direct copy of a pixel from the input field, with no filtering or interpolation between pixels. The algorithm repeats or drops input pixels according to the required scaling ratio. If out[i,j] is the pixel value at horizontal position i and vertical position j in the output field. in[x,y] is the pixel value at horizontal position x and vertical position y in the input field. The equation defines the pixel values in the output field:
Equation 3. Nearest Neighbor Equations

The nearest neighbor algorithm requires a line buffer with storage for a single line of the input field to allow for this line to repeat multiple times at the output during upscales. Because nearest neighbor scaling does not involve any interpolation or filtering, the resulting image can have a blocky appearance.

Bilinear

Bilinear scaling offers improved quality compared to nearest neighbor by interpolating between neighboring pixels to remove the blocky look of nearest neighbor scaling. Bilinear scaling is better suited to upscaling (increasing image size) than downscaling (reducing image size). The cut-off frequency of the basic bilinear filter is generally too high to remove all the aliasing artifacts that downscaling can introduce. However, even for upscales the results can look somewhat blurred, with the edges in the image softened.

The bilinear algorithm selects the same input pixel to create each output pixel as the nearest neighbor algorithm. It builds a 2x2 pixel window around the target input pixel, with the target pixel in the top left corner of the window. The floor function calculates the input pixel position (the values of x and y) to give integer indices, as pixels only exist at integer locations. But the integer indices have some error compared to the ideal location that preserves all the fractional position information. For example, if the ideal value before applying the floor function is 1.5, the integer value after applying the floor function is 1, and the error is 0.5. The bilinear algorithm uses the horizontal and vertical position error values, err h and err v respectively, to create coefficients that, when applied to the 2x2 pixel window created around the integer pixel location, produce a resulting pixel that is effectively located at the desired fractional position. The equations show how the values of the coefficients are created and applied to the input window of pixels to create the output pixel.

Equation 4. Bilinear Equations

To calculate the values of err h and err v with exact precision for all possible scaling ratios requires an infinite number of fractional bits in the hardware implementing the mathematics. You must specify via parameters how many fraction bits you want to include for the calculations in the horizontal and vertical directions, frac h and frac v respectively. The IP takes the value for frac h from the Horizontal coefficient fraction bits parameter, and the value for frac v from the Vertical coefficient fraction bits parameter. With the desired level of precision set, the equation shows the values of and

To create the 2x2 pixel window required for the bilinear filter, the bilinear algorithm requires a line buffer with storage for two lines of input video.

Polyphase

The polyphase algorithm requires the most resources, but it produces the highest quality results. It uses interpolation filters that are larger than the 2x2 tap filter used for bilinear scaling. Depending on the coefficients you select, these filters can provide improved frequency response, resulting in less blurring on the edges during upscales, and less aliasing artifacts during downscales. The increased size of the filters requires an increase in the number of input video lines that must be stored to create the vertical window, and increased DSP block (multiplier) usage to implement the filter mathematics.

The polyphase algorithm uses the same initial integer pixel position as nearest neighbor scaling and calculates positional error values in the same way as the bilinear algorithm. However, instead of using these error values directly to calculate the filter coefficients, the polyphase algorithm uses the error values as addresses into horizontal and vertical filter coefficients memories. Each address in the coefficient memory is referred to as a phase (for reasons that are explained in the coefficient selection section) and you define the number of horizontal and vertical phases, num_phase h and num_phase v respectively, via parameters. The Number of horizontal phases parameter sets the value for num_phase h and the Number of vertical phases parameter sets the value for num_phase v . The equation shows the horizontal phase, phase h , and the vertical phase, phase v , for each output pixel:

Equation 5. Phase Equations

You define the number of taps used in the horizontal and vertical scaling filters (num_taps h and num_taps v respectively). The number of taps can be any value between 4 and 64. A higher number of taps can allow for a more precise filter transfer function but comes at the cost of extra DSP block utilization and, in the case of the vertical filter, increased block memory utilization in the line buffer required to create the vertical sample window. Each vertical or horizontal phase in the coefficient memory contains one coefficient for each tap of the vertical or horizontal filter.

The scaler implements the vertical scaling function first (if selected), followed by the horizontal scaling function (if selected). The result of the vertical scaling is an intermediate image with the desired output height but retaining the original input width. If inter[x,j] as the pixel value in the intermediate image at horizontal position x and vertical position j, and coeff f v [n] as the vertical scaling filter coefficient for tap N (selected from phase v ), the equation shows how the IP calculates the intermediate image. The filter taps are indexed with 0 the ‘oldest’ data (closest to the top edge of the image) and num_taps v - 1 the newest data (closest to the bottom edge of the image).

Equation 6. Intermediate Image Equation

If coeff f h [n] is the horizontal scaling filter coefficient for tap N (selected from phase v ), the equation shows how the IP calculates the final output image from the intermediate image. The filter taps are again indexed with 0 the oldest data (closest to the left edge of the image) and num_taps h - 1 the newest data (closest to the right edge of the image)

Equation 7. Final Output Image Equation


Section Content
Coefficient Selection
Coefficient Quantization
Filter Behavior at Edge Boundaries
Partial Frame Scaling
422 and 420 Chroma Sampled Data Scaling
Scaler IP Interfaces

Level Two Title